Aksara Wiyetnam (Cu Nom)

Cu Nom (Chữ Nôm 𡨸喃, IPA: [cɨ̌ˀ nom],  têgese 'Aksara Kidul') uga kaaran quốc âm (kwog am) or chữ nam (cu nam), yaiku a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language. It used the standard set of classical Chinese characters to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, while new characters were created on the Chinese model to represent other words.

Mula tembung

The Vietnamese word chữ (character) is derived from the Old Chinese word 字, meaning '[Chinese] character'.[4] The word Nôm in chữ Nôm means 'Southern', and is derived from the Middle Chinese word 南, meaning 'south'.[5]

Patêgês

In Vietnamese, Chinese characters are called chữ Hán (字漢 ‘Han characters’), Hán tự (漢字 ‘Han characters’), Hán văn (漢文 ‘Han characters’), or chữ nho (字儒 ‘Confucian characters’).[8][9][10] Hán văn (漢文) also means Chinese language literature (in this case, Hán văn literally means ‘Han literature’).[11][12]


The term Hán Nôm (漢喃 ‘Han and chữ Nôm characters’)[13] in Vietnamese designates the whole body of Vietnamese premodern written materials, either written in Chinese (chữ hán) or in Vietnamese (chữ Nôm).[14] Hán and Nôm could also be found in the same document side by side,[15] for example, in the case of translations of books on Chinese medicine.[16] The Buddhist history Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục (1752) gives the story of early Buddhism in Vietnam both in Hán script and in a parallel Nôm translation.[17] The Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica (1605–1656) had also used parallel Hán and Nôm texts.

Unmodified Chinese characters were used in chữ Nôm in three different ways.

Pigunaning Aksara

A large proportion of Vietnamese vocabulary had been borrowed from Chinese from the Tang period. Such Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary could be written with the original Chinese character for each word, for example:[48]

役 dịch ("service", "corvée"), from Early Middle Chinese (EMC) /jwiajk/[49]
本 bản ("root", "foundation"), from EMC /pən'/[50]
頭 đầu ("head"), from EMC /dəw/[51]
To represent a native Vietnamese word, one method was to use a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar meaning. For example, 本 may also represent vốn ("capital, funds"). When a character would have two readings, a diacritic may be added to the character to indicate the "indigenous" reading. Thus when 本 is meant to be read as vốn, it is written as 本㆑, with a diacritic at the upper right corner. In this case the word vốn is actually an earlier Chinese loan that has become accepted as Vietnamese; William Hannas claims that all such readings are similar early loans.[48]

Alternatively, a native Vietnamese word could be written using a Chinese character for a Chinese word with a similar sound, regardless of the meaning of the Chinese word. For example, 沒 (Early Middle Chinese /mət/[52]) may represent the Vietnamese word một ("one").[53]

To draw an analogy to the Japanese writing system, the first two categories are similar to the on and kun readings of Japanese kanji respectively. The third is similar to ateji, in which characters are used only for their sound value, or the Man'yōgana script that became the origin of hiragana and katakana.

In contrast to the few hundred Japanese kokuji and handful of Korean gukja, which are mostly rarely used characters for indigenous natural phenomena, Vietnamese scribes created thousands of new characters, used throughout the language.[54]

Similar to the Chinese writing system, the most common kind of invented character in Nom is the phono-semantic compound, made by combining two characters or components, one suggesting the word's meaning and the other its approximate sound.

媄 (mẹ "mother") has 女 "woman" as semantic component and 美 (Sino-Vietnamese reading: mỹ) as phonetic component.

Piwañci iki

From 2013, Han-Nom Revival Committee of Vietnam, an internet-based organization has started its standardization work for Chữ Hán Nôm. Aiming at both chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán standardization, the Committee's "Chữ Hán Nôm Standardization Project[63]" is designed to determine the Standard chữ Nôm among many variant Nôm characters, to confirm the usage of chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán in Pure Vietnamese words, Sino-Vietnamese words (especially Vietnamese-made Sino-Vietnamese words), and Hybrid words, as well as to determine the chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán characters in Loan words for phonetic transliteration. Till 2015, based on discussions among many specialists of Chữ Hán Nôm, around 500 frequently-used Chữ Hán Nôm are determined and published on its website.[64]

Kajupuk saka: Wikipedia